Longevity

Comparing the Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Body Image in Overweight Adolescent Girls

Frogh Hasiri Haghighi iD , Hassan Abdi ^* iD

Objective: The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) on body image among overweight adolescent girls.

Methods: This quasi-experimental study employed a pretest–posttest design. The statistical population consisted of all overweight female students aged 13–15 years who were enrolled in grades 7–9 of lower secondary schools in Shahroud, Iran, during the 2025–2026 academic year. The mean ages of participants in the CBT, MBI, and control groups were 13.99, 14.07, and 14.15 years, respectively. Participants were selected using purposive sampling based on the predefined inclusion criteria. A total of 39 participants were recruited, including 13 in the CBT group, 12 in the MBI group, and 14 in the control group. Data were collected using a demographic information form, the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A), and the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ). Participants in the intervention groups received White’s (2001) group cognitive behavioral therapy protocol and the mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) protocol developed by Kabat-Zinn et al. (1992), respectively, over eight sessions, with two 60–90-minute sessions per week. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and SPSS version 27.

Results: After controlling for pretest scores, significant pretest-to-posttest differences were observed in the experimental groups in terms of body image, satisfaction with different body parts, and attitudes toward weight (p < 0.05). However, no statistically significant differences were found between the two experimental groups for any of the studied variables (p > 0.05).

Conclusion: Both CBT and MBI were associated with significant improvements in the studied dimensions of body image among overweight adolescent girls. However, neither intervention demonstrated a statistically significant advantage over the other. These findings suggest that both approaches may be considered as potential psychological interventions for addressing body image concerns in overweight adolescent girls. Mental health professionals may select either protocol, or consider an integrated approach, according to clinical expertise, available resources, and client preferences.

The effectiveness of an intervention based on conscious family games on increasing family vitality and flexibility

Azam Moghadamfar iD , Mozhgan Heibati iD , Samaneh houshyar iD , Fatemeh Bozorgi ^* iD , Shohrehalsadat Filsouf iD

The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of an intervention based on conscious family games on increasing family vitality and flexibility. The research method was a quasi-experimental, pre-test, post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this study included all families covered by welfare referring to family counseling centers in Tehran. The sampling method was simple random. 40 people were selected from the statistical population and randomly assigned to two control and experimental groups. The experimental group participated in 10 90-minute sessions of an intervention based on conscious family games. The control group did not receive training. The subjects answered the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire and the Shakeri Family Flexibility Scale (2003) before and after the intervention. The data were analyzed using the covariance method. The results showed that an intervention based on conscious family games can increase family vitality and flexibility. According to the findings, it can be concluded that conscious family games, as a low-cost, attractive, and practical solution, have high potential for intervention at preventive and therapeutic levels in vulnerable families.

Analyzing Coaches' Behaviors in the Link Between Motivational Climate and Performance Satisfaction Among Table Tennis Athletes

HamidReza Sarafrazian iD , Zohreh Meshkati ^* iD , Rokhsareh Badami iD , Zahra serjooi iD

The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to analyze coaches’ behaviors in the link between motivational climate and athletes’ perceived performance progress and satisfaction among table tennis athletes. Seven table tennis coaches and 25 developing players were recruited through snowball sampling. Players were 14 to 18 years old and coaches were 30 to 40 years old. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Repeated reading, line-by-line coding, continuous code review, analytic memoing, and theme review were used to strengthen methodological rigor. The lived experiences of coaches were organized into five overarching themes: coaching philosophy, social support behavior, leadership style, motivational climate, and goal setting. The lived experiences of players were organized into four overarching themes: perceived coaching philosophy, supportive performance experience, mastery climate, and goal setting. The findings indicate that coaches’ feedback, leadership style, social support, and goal-setting practices shape athletes. perception of motivational climate, intrinsic motivation, perceived progress, and satisfaction with the practice experience. Because coach and player data were not analyzed as matched dyads, the findings should be interpreted as a comparative qualitative account rather than as a direct causal link between each coach and each athlete. Training coaches to use autonomy-supportive behaviors, mastery-oriented goals, and psychologically safe communication may improve the quality of practice environments and athletes’ positive experience of performance development.

Presenting a Model of Leadership Style and Attitude Toward Change with the Mediating Role of Moral Intelligence among Football Coaches in Iraq

Ali Hussein Jasim iD , Nasrin Azizian Kohan ^* iD , Abbas Naghizadeh Baghi iD , Mehrdad Moharramzadeh iD

The purpose of the present study was to present a model of the relationship between leadership style and attitude toward change with the mediating role of moral intelligence among football coaches in Iraq. In terms of purpose, this research was applied, and in terms of method, it was descriptive-correlational. The study was conducted through a survey approach and structural equation modeling. The statistical population consisted of football coaches in Iraq and relevant members of the football coaches’ assembly, totaling 336 individuals. Based on the Krejcie and Morgan table, 179 participants were selected using simple random sampling. Data were collected using a leadership style questionnaire based on the situational leadership framework of Hersey, Blanchard, and Natemeyer, an attitude toward change questionnaire, and a moral intelligence questionnaire. Instrument validity was examined through content, convergent, and discriminant validity, and reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Smart PLS. The findings showed that leadership style was positively and significantly associated with moral intelligence among football coaches in Iraq. Moreover, moral intelligence was positively and significantly associated with attitude toward change. Mediation analysis confirmed the mediating role of moral intelligence in the relationship between leadership style and attitude toward change. Model fit indices, including the GOF value of 0.660, indicated a desirable fit. Therefore, strengthening effective leadership styles along with enhancing moral intelligence may be associated with a more positive attitude toward change among football coaches.

Determining the Effectiveness of Reality Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Psychological Flexibility and Social Adjustment in Older Adults Attending Day Rehabilitation Centers in Tehran

Somayeh Azimi iD , Satar Keikhavani ^* iD , Vahid Ahmadi iD , Sareh Mirshekar iD

https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.longevity.25

The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of Reality Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on psychological flexibility and social adjustment in older adults attending day rehabilitation centers in Tehran. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest-follow-up design and a control group. The statistical population of this study included all older adults attending day rehabilitation centers in Tehran in the first half of 2024, among whom 90 individuals were selected using purposive sampling according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were randomly and by lottery assigned into three groups of 30: two experimental groups (Reality Therapy and ACT) and one control group. Participants responded to the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010) and the short version of Bell’s Adjustment Inventory (Bell, 1939) in pretest, posttest, and follow-up phases. The Reality Therapy protocol was based on Glasser’s (2003) principles of Reality Therapy and was conducted in eight 90-minute sessions over two months. The ACT protocol was based on the principles of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy by Hayes et al. (2012) and was also conducted in eight 90-minute sessions over two months. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance. The results showed that in both posttest and follow-up phases, there was a significant difference between the Reality Therapy and ACT groups compared to the control group (P < .05), indicating the impact of both treatments on improving psychological flexibility and social adjustment. Furthermore, in both posttest and follow-up phases, there was a significant difference between the two experimental groups (P < .05), with mean comparisons showing that ACT was more effective in increasing psychological flexibility. In both posttest and follow-up phases, there was also a significant difference between the two groups (P < .05), with mean comparisons showing that Reality Therapy was more effective in improving social adjustment.

Starting a Hydrotherapy Business: Key Steps, Industry Insights, and Success Strategies

Homeira Rashvand iD , Midia Rahmani ^* iD , Zahra Naderinasab iD

https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.longevity.42

The objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive review of the key steps, industry insights, and success strategies for launching a hydrotherapy business. This study employed a literature review approach with descriptive analysis. Relevant studies and articles related to hydrotherapy and therapeutic businesses from 2014 to 2024 were collected from reputable databases. The extracted data were evaluated using both qualitative and quantitative criteria, and market trends, as well as existing opportunities and threats, along with management and marketing strategies in this field, were analyzed. The findings indicate that success in launching a hydrotherapy business requires an integrated approach that combines thorough market research, the adoption of innovative technologies, the development of effective marketing strategies, and quality service management. Additionally, digitalizing processes and innovating service delivery have been identified as key factors in enhancing customer satisfaction and economic efficiency. This study emphasizes that integrating modern management approaches with technological innovations can pave the way for a successful and sustainable hydrotherapy business. Managers and entrepreneurs can optimally leverage existing opportunities by utilizing accurate market data and adopting contemporary strategies.

The Correlation Between Information Literacy and Health Literacy Among Physical Education Teachers (Case Study: Gilan Province Department of Education)

Siavash Khodaparast iD , Maziyar Kalashi iD , Vahid Bakhshalipour ^* iD , Abozar Parsa iD

https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.longevity.53

Health literacy refers to an individual’s capacity to acquire, interpret, and comprehend essential information from educational concepts in order to make appropriate decisions. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between information literacy and health literacy among physical education teachers in the Gilan Province Department of Education. This research employed a descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional design, conducted in 2020. A total of 175 physical education teachers were selected as the sample. Standardized questionnaires on information literacy by Boroujeni et al., and the Health Literacy for Iranian Adults (HELIA) questionnaire were used. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was applied to assess the normality of the data, and both descriptive and inferential statistical tests were employed to analyze the data. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS and PLS software. The path coefficient between information literacy and health literacy among physical education teachers in the Gilan Province Department of Education was found to be 0.91, indicating a positive and significant correlation. Furthermore, the significance levels of the path coefficients between health literacy and age, employment status, and educational attainment (t = 1.97), as well as between information literacy and age, employment status, and educational attainment (t = 1.98), suggest a statistically significant relationship between the variables (P < 0.05). It appears that information literacy emphasizes information-related skills ranging from the acquisition to the evaluation and application of information. Enhancing information literacy skills among teachers can also pave the way for the improvement of their health literacy.

The Effect of Dual-Task Training under Constant and Variable Conditions on Static and Dynamic Balance in Elderly Individuals After Stroke

Daryoush Khajavi ^* iD , Leyal Mosahaneh iD , Fardin Faraji iD

https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.longevity.2.4.5

Stroke is the most common and debilitating neurological condition in adults, leading to a decline in balance and functional dependence. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dual-task training under constant and variable conditions on the balance of adults after experiencing a stroke. This study was a quasi-experimental design employing a pretest-posttest approach. The statistical population included adult individuals with a history of stroke who referred to medical centers in Shush Danial County. From among the volunteers, 30 participants were randomly selected and assigned to three groups: a control group, a dual-task training group under constant conditions, and a dual-task training group with variable prioritization. One week before the study began, the objectives, significance, and procedure of the research were explained to the participants, and informed consent forms were completed. The Berg Balance Scale and the Timed Up and Go Test were administered as pretests. Participants were then randomly assigned to three groups of ten, consisting of two experimental groups (dual-task training under constant conditions and dual-task training under variable conditions) and one control group. The experimental groups performed training sessions for four consecutive weeks, three 45-minute sessions per week. Data analysis using analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post hoc tests indicated that static and dynamic balance in adults post-stroke significantly improved following dual-task training under both constant and variable conditions (p ≤ 0.05). Based on the findings of this study, dual-task training methods under both constant and variable conditions can be utilized to enhance static and dynamic balance in adults with a history of stroke.

Longevity

About the Journal

Current Issue

Articles

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Patients with Treatment-Resistant Depression

The Effect of Artificial Intelligence-Based Learning on Emotional Creativity among High School Students

The Effect of Family-Centered Psychotherapy Interventions on Improving Mental Learning Performance of Children with Mental Disorders Hospitalized in Hospital

Identifying the Factors Affecting the Development of Marketing in Football Sports Print Media in Iraq

A Paradigmatic Model of Sports Celebrity Marketing in Social Networks

Comparison of the Effects of Resistance and Aerobic Training on the Expression of IRS-1, PIK3R1, and Akt Genes in the Skeletal Muscle of Mice with Type 2 Diabetes

Language

Issues

Time from submission to

Indexing & Abstracting

Make a Submission

Editorial Board

Journal Statistics

Keywords